Sources of ultrafine particles in Greece and Europe
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Date
2024-10-11
Authors
Λάμπρου, Ευαγγελία
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Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional regional chemical transport model (CTM), PMCAMx-UF, was applied to the European domain to simulate the contribution of direct emissions and secondary formation to total particle number concentrations during winter and summer 2019 (January and July). The purpose is to simulate accurately and efficiently the number size distribution together with the aerosol mass/composition size distribution of the multicomponent atmospheric aerosol (Jung et al., 2010). The simulation of the aerosol microphysics is handled by the updated version of the Dynamic Model for Aerosol Nucleation (DMANx), which includes the processes of condensation, evaporation, nucleation, and coagulation assuming an internally mixed aerosol (Patoulias et al., 2015). DMANx includes the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) algorithm (Adams and Seinfeld, 2002) which is an adaptation of cloud microphysics algorithms (Tzivion et al., 1987, 1989) to aerosol processes. Source contributions to ultrafine particle number concentrations (number concentrations of total particles, particles with diameters above 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm) for these periods are investigated using PMCAMx-UF, developing nine types of emission sources to primary particle number in relation with the emissions inventory used as input. The sources examined as follow: power generation and industry, small combustion, gasoline road transport exhaust, diesel road transport exhaust, shipping, off-road vehicles and machinery, others (fugitives, road transport exhaust LPG gas, road transport non-exhaust, waste, agricultural livestock, other agriculture), wildfires and sea salt aerosol. The last particle number source is nucleation, which is examined in a separate simulation, to extract a more accurate source apportionment. Otherwise, it would not be known whether the number of particles is purely due to the source or nucleation. Thus, the different simulations for comparing particle sources do not consider particles from nucleation. The model predictions for each particle size range are evaluated against measurements in stations over Europe.
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Air pollution